Individual chapters cover diarrheagenic Escherichia coli , Campylobacter , Listeria , Yersinia , Shigella 2 chapters , Salmonella 2 chapters , and pathogenic vibrios 4 chapters. The coverage of pathogenic vibrios is especially comprehensive, including individual chapters dedicated to Vibrio cholerae , Vibrio vulnificus , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus , and an additional chapter focused on the emergence of the current pandemic strain of V.
The chapter on diarrheagenic E. Although the pathogen-based format facilitates a detailed review of individual organisms, this book addresses important themes in the molecular epidemiology of bacterial pathogens. Specifically, the combined work emphasizes how major shifts in the epidemiology of food and waterborne bacterial diseases are consistently associated with the emergence of novel genetic variants.
Most of these novel genetic variants arise from the horizontal acquisition of large-scale mobile genetic elements from other bacteria, rather than individual mutations. Examples that are explored in the book include the emergence of variant strains of V.
Typhimurium ST as a cause of fatal disseminated salmonellosis in Africa. The emergence of E. Given that the emergence of novel variants is a theme of this work, the one non-pathogen-specific chapter in this book is dedicated to the dominant role of mobile genetic elements in shaping the genomic landscape and determining the bacterial factors involved in pathogenesis of enteric bacteria.
Another consistent strength of this book is the detailed coverage of antibiotic resistance across the entire spectrum of food and waterborne pathogens. Most chapters cover the topic of antimicrobial resistance extensively from their acquisition to the epidemiology of drug resistance through the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
Specific sections dealing with the taxonomy and nomenclature of each organism also enhance this book. Finally, given the burden of food and waterborne bacterial pathogens globally, the book has an appropriate international flavor. These include the contributions from Dr Faruque and colleagues at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, as well as chapters contributed from other well-established microbiologists from Asia, Europe, and the United States.
Although this book includes a good deal of material with clinical and public health relevance, particularly in the areas of epidemiology, antibiotic resistance, and diagnostic approaches, it is not primarily a clinical or public health guide, and could not be used as such. However, for clinicians, food or environmental scientists, or public health officials interested in gaining a foundation in the molecular microbiology of this important group of pathogens, this book would provide an excellent foundation.
Alternatively, for those with expertise in specific organisms, this book provides an interesting look across the spectrum of food and waterborne bacterial pathogens. Potential conflicts of interest. Author certifies no potential conflicts of interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Paratyphi and S. Gallinarum and host-adapted S. Typhimurium and S. Enteridis S. Drug resistances in Salmonella is mainly due to Salmonella genomic island 1 an integrative mobile element carrying various antibiotic resistance gene clusters, and to conjugative R plasmids which confer resistance to many antibiotics including extended-spectrum cephalosporins.
Continuous genetic re-assortment in Salmonella leading to increased virulence and the emergence of resistance to multiple drugs are of significant public health concern.
Foodborne and waterborne infections due to Salmonella species are a major concern worldwide. There are 17 Pathogenicity Islands of Salmonella reported to date. It has been also reported that a variety of Salmonella phenotypes associated with bioluminescence, biofilm formation, conjugation, motility, competence, and antibiotic production, are regulated in response to signaling molecules of quorum-sensing systems. The development of resistance to various antibiotics particularly in Asian countries including extended-spectrum cephalosporins worldwide is a cause of concern.
Some variants of Salmonella have developed multidrug-resistance as an integral part of the genetic material of the organism, and are therefore likely to retain their drug-resistance genes even when antimicrobial drugs are no longer used. The role of plasmids, bacteriophages, transposons and integrons in the transfer of resistance genes is discussed. As a natural inhabitant of the marine environment, Vibrio parahaemolyticus is frequently present in seafood, and particularly in oysters.
A small subset of this species can cause human disease, with acute gastroenteritis as the predominant clinical manifestation. Therefore, many detection methods for pathogenic strains focus on determining the presence of the genes encoding these hemolysins or on detection of beta-hemolysis on Wagatsuma agar i.
Serotyping and molecular fingerprinting techniques are also used to subtype Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. One of the most effective strategies for preventing Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection from consumption of raw or uncooked seafood is to reduce seafood post-harvest storage temperatures to prevent the growth of this species.
Epidemiology and Genetics of the Pandemic Clone of Vibrio parahaemoluyicus. Members of the Vibrionaceae family occurring in marine environment are responsible for many of the reported cases of infection worldwide. Among these, Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important food-borne pathogen transmitted through contaminated seafood. Historically, food poisoning due to V. With the emergence of the pandemic clone belonging to O3:K6 serotype in Kolkata, India, in , the epidemiology of this organism changed abruptly causing large outbreaks and rapid hospitalizations.
This new highly virulent strain is now globally disseminated. This chapter traces the epidemiology of the pandemic strain of V. Epidemiology and Molecular Pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus. Vibrio vulnificus is a normal inhabitant of warm estuarine environments all over the world and may be associated with a wide variety of seafood. A number of putative virulence factors such as capsule, cytotoxic factors, iron acquisition factors and factors responsible for evading the immune system of the host have been described and multiple factors seem to be involved in causing disease symptoms.
The organism can be isolated, identified and enumerated by traditional microbiological methods as well as molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction PCR and real time PCR.
Clinical strains can be generally distinguished from most environmental strains by genetic fingerprinting techniques. The organism is sensitive to mild heat, which can be used as a postharvest treatment method to minimise the risk of infection. Epidemiology and Molecular Biology of Vibrio cholerae. Vibrio cholerae belonging to O1 and O seropgroups cause cholera, a life-threatening diarrhoeal disease, which spreads through consumption of water and food contaminated with the pathogen.
Other serogroups of V. Although V. The ability of V. Horizontal transfer of critical virulence genes among different V. Seasonal cholera epidemics may selectively enrich genetic variants with unique properties that promote transmission or environmental persistence.
The ecosystem comprising V. Biology of Campylobacter Infection. Campylobacter species are one of the leading causes of bacterial foodborne disease.
Campylobacter survives and flourishes in a variety of environmental niches but causes pathology mainly in humans. The pathogenesis of the disease is still poorly understood, and currently only a few Campylobacter virulence determinants have been proposed. Recent studies indicate that Campylobacter displays extensive genome plasticity and a range of environmental adaptation, that likely contribute to the success of the pathogen.
In this chapter, we will discuss the state-of-the-art of the epidemiology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of Campylobacter infection. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Ecology and Genetics of Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive foodborne pathogen that causes a severe, potentially fatal illness listeriosis in animals and humans.
The only human pathogen within the genus Listeria , this bacterium is equipped with sophisticated mechanisms to invade mammalian cells and proliferate inracellularly.
Additionally, it addresses issues of sample preparation from sampling to concentration and enrichment , a key stage in any detection protocol. Covers the gap of specific sound methods of pathogen detection by fulfulling the need for a concept book on the novel technologies for pathogen detection in water Presents all cutting-edge technologies for pathogen detection in water as well as recent emerging technologies Addresses all three types of pathogens; this combined knowledge helps to understand all potential pathogens in water.
Recent and forecasted advances in microbiology, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry have made it timely to reassess the current paradigm of relying predominantly or exclusively on traditional bacterial indicators for all types of waterborne pathogens. The second edition of Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases describes the diseases associated with water, their causative agents and the ways in which they gain access to water systems.
The book is divided into sections covering bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Other sections detail methods for detecting and identifying waterborne microorganisms, and the ways in which they are removed from water, including chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet disinfection. The second edition of this handbook has been updated with information on biofilms and antimicrobial resistance.
The impact of global warming and climate change phenomena on waterborne illnesses are also discussed. This book serves as an indispensable reference for public health microbiologists, water utility scientists, research water pollution microbiologists environmental health officers, consultants in communicable disease control and microbial water pollution students.
Focuses on the microorganisms of most significance to public health, including E. Updated from the edition, this manual provides critical information regarding waterborne viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens.
Each pathogen is described along with its health effects, and water treatment techniques for destroying the pathogens. Also covered are cross-connection control, dead-end flushing, and hydrant flushing.
This manual is intended for water operators, engineers, water quality personnel and students to learn how to monitor, sample and test waters for pathogens, optimize treatment plant performance and maintain high water quality standards. Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs.
Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from to Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis.
This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease.
It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward. Water borne disease is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide every year. Within both developed and developing countries the demand for clean drinking and bathing water is ever increasing and the control of water borne disease is therefore of extreme importance. The book first addresses the magnitude of the problem, with subsequent chapters on specific diseases including Crytosporidiosis, Schistosomiasis, legionellosis and viral gastrointeritis.
Concluding chapters discuss practical control issues such as basic water treatment and the problems of water borne disease control in less developed countries.
Gain a better understanding of how these fascinating microorganisms can help ensure a safe food supply. A small but growing number of municipalities are augmenting their drinking water supplies with highly treated wastewater.
But some professionals in the field argue that only the purest sources should be used for drinking water. Is potable reuse a viable application of reclaimed water? How can individual communities effectively evaluate potable reuse programs?
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