Wood PDF Download. Robertson, ohn J. Powell PDF Download. Steinke PDF Download. Hill PDF Download. Herrell, Michael L. Jordan PDF Download. Sanders, John D. Finklea PDF Download. Stine PDF Download. Winders PDF Download. Rowling PDF Download. Amen PDF Download. Schumpeter PDF Download. Wijdicks PDF Download. Grace PDF Download. Smallwood PDF Download. Produces a slanted sediment surface that isnt tightly packed.
Decantation is not recommended. Missing or inadequate label Collected at wrong time Collected in wrong tube Insucient specimen Inadequate volume of blood in anticoagulant tube Exposure to temperature extremes Prolonged transit Clots in CBC tube Hemolysis depending on test ordered Lipemia depending on test ordered.
Heavy walls to minimize breakage. Minimal contamination of liquids by elements in glass. Excellent optical properties. Used for high-precision analytic work, optical reectors, mirrors. Only fair resistance to chemicals. Used for some disposable glassware. Relatively inert chemically. Can be autoclaved. Used for pipet tips, test tubes. Used for test tubes, bottles, disposable transfer pipets, test tube racks. Cant be autoclaved. Resistant to shattering. Used for centrifuge tubes, graduated cylinders.
Rigid, clear. Shouldnt be autoclaved. Used for test tubes, graduated tubes. Extremely inert. Used for stir bars, stopcocks, tubing. Wide-mouthed, straight-sided jar with pouring spout. Not accurate enough for critical measurements. Sloping sides. Graduated markings. Used to hold liquids, mix solutions, measure noncritical volumes. Spherical base with long cylindrical neck. Single calibration mark. Only for noncritical measurements. Pear shaped. Long neck with single calibration mark.
Manufactured to strict standards. Shouldnt be used to store solutions. Upright, straight-sided tube with ared base. Used for noncritical measurements. Most are TD. Use graduate closest in size to volume to be measured. Transfer pipet. Touch o last drop against wall of receiving vessel. Similar to volumetric pipet, but bulb closer to tip. Etched ring means blowout. Used for accurate measurement of viscous uids, e.
Not widely used. Graduated or measuring pipet. Graduation marks down to tip. Not accurate enough for measuring samples or standards. Doesnt have graduation marks all the way to tip or frosted band near upper end.
Delivery is made point to point. Disposable pipet for volumes ranging from 11, L. Filled by capillary action. Must be rinsed out with diluent to deliver exact amount.
Small pipetting bulb is used. With 2-stop, button is depressed to 2nd stop to blow out. Tips can only be used once. Seals require periodic lubrication. Follow manufacturers instructions for use. Uses a glass capillary tip tted with Teon-tipped plunger.
No carryover. Tips are reusable. Most accurate method for calibration is gravimetric method weight of distilled water delivered. Secondary method is spectrophotometric absorbance of potassium dichromate or p-nitrophenol delivered.
Very high purity. Meets specications of American Chemical Society. Spectrograde, nanograde, or HPLC grade. Limits of impurities not specied. May be acceptable for some lab applications when higher purity chemicals arent available. Meet specications of U. Pharmacopeia or National Formulary.
Not injurious to health. Not necessarily of sucient purity to use as analytic reagents. Pure enough for most routine testing. Replaces previously designated type I and type II water.
No single purication method can produce water of this quality. For applications that require water of dierent purity than CLRW, e.
Must meet specications of assay. Used in automated analyzers for rinsing, dilutions, water baths. Specications set by manufacturer. Water provided by manufacturer for use in particular test system.
Not for use in other applications. Impurities that could contaminate washed labware or solutions in autoclave are removed. Replacement for previously designated type III water. Storage requirements Date prepared or reconstituted Expiration date Lot , if applicable Information may be recorded in paper or electronic log, rather than on container. Objects appear dark against white background.
Used for most routine clinical work. Used to help objective gather light from a wide numerical aperture. Provides high resolution. Type B high viscosity is commonly used. Magnication of ocular magnication of objective. Mathematical expression of light admitted by lens. The higher the NA, the greater the resolution. Lenses attached to revolving nosepiece. More expensive objective that corrects for curvature of eld.
Results in at eld with uniform focus. Brighteld microscope with special condenser. Objects appear white against black background. Brighteld microscope with 2 special lters. Objects appear green, yellow, or orange against black background. Gives 3-D eect to unstained specimens.
Good for living cells, unstained specimens. Objects that can refract light birefringent appear white against black background. Conrmation of fat or oval fat bodies in urine sediment. Beam of electrons passes through specimen, focused onto uorescent screen or photographic plate. Beam of electrons strikes surface of specimen, focused onto photographic lm or cathode ray tube. Computerized medical record. Random access memory.
Content is lost each time computer is turned o. Read-only memory. Part of memory that is permanently protected from being modied, erased, or written over.
Not aected by power loss. Devices that deliver data to computer, e. Used to prepare nancial statements, budgets, etc. Interface that transmits electronic information in 1 direction, e. Interface that transmits electronic information in 2 directions, e. Interface between an analyzer and LIS.
Can apply rules to automate processes, e. Computer network that connects computers over larger geographic area e. Extension of a private network onto the Internet where it can be accessed by authorized clients, suppliers, etc. Originally developed as transfer protocol for Internet; adapted for transmission in LANs.
Everything that precedes test performance, e. Everything related to assay, e. Everything that comes after test analysis, e.
Part of analytical phase of quality assurance; process of monitoring results from control samples to verify accuracy of patient results.
Monitors precision of test system. For nonwaived quantitative tests, CLIA requires at least 2 levels of controls each day test is performed. See Equivalent QC below. Testing control material not built into test system. Term also used for QC that extends beyond lab, e.
Labs may reduce frequency of testing external QC materials for certain test systems if they can demonstrate through a CMS-approved QC evaluation process that test system is stable. Statistical parameters describing spread of data about mean, e. Measurements of precision. Statistical expression of dispersion of values around mean. Requires a minimum of 20 values. Expresses standard deviation as percentage. The the CV, the the precision. Range within which control values must fall for assay to be considered valid.
Many labs use mean 2 SD. This is anticipated part of normal variation. Levey-Jennings chart showing in-control results. Urinalysis and Body Fluids, 5th ed. A control result outside established limits. May be due to chance or may indicate problem in test system. If it occurs more than once in 20 successive runs, investigation must be carried out.
Levey-Jennings chart showing outlier. Levey-Jennings chart showing shift. Levey-Jennings chart showing trend. Error that doesnt recur in regular pattern, e. Indicated by control value signicantly dierent from others on Levey-Jennings chart, or violation of the 13S or R4S Westgard rules.
Recurring error inherent in test procedure, e. Aects all results. Indicated by trend or shift on Levey-Jennings chart, or violation of 22S, 41S, or 10 Westgard rules see following.
Requires investigation to determine cause. Rejection of run because QC results indicate problem when none is present. Use of Westgard rules minimizes false rejections.
Warning ag of possible change in accuracy or precision. Initiates testing of other rules. If no violation of other rules, run is considered in control. Value might have been due to expected random error. Consider reagents low, outdated, improperly stored, contaminated, change in lot , preventive maintenance overdue , mechanical problems, clots, etc.
Reference material with known concentration of analyte. Programmed into analyzers computer for use in calculating concentration of unknowns. Formerly called standard. Testing materials of known concentrations calibrators, controls, prociency testing samples, patient specimens with known values to ensure accuracy of results throughout reportable range.
CLIA requires labs to verify manufacturers analytical performance claims for 14 below on new methods introduced after April 24, Lab tests samples of known values controls, calibrators, prociency samples, previously tested patient specimens to see how close results are to known value.
How close results are when same sample is tested multiple times. Note: A procedure can be precise but not accurate. Range of values over which lab can verify accuracy of test system. Also known as linearity.
Formerly called normal value. Can vary for dierent patient populations age, gender, race. Labs may use manufacturers reference ranges or published reference ranges, if appropriate for their patient population. If manufacturers or published reference ranges are used, lab must test specimens from normal subjects to verify ranges. Ranges may need to be adjusted to t labs patient population.
Same as detection limit. Lowest concentration of substance that can be detected by test method. Desirable in screening tests. Determined by manufacturer. For unmodied FDA-approved tests, verication isnt required. Desirable in conrmatory tests. Study to verify accuracy of new method. Requires a minimum of 40 patient samples representing wide range of concentrations.
Reference values existing method are plotted on x axis, values from new method on y axis. Perfect correlation is straight line passing through zero at 45 angle. The correlation coecient r can be derived mathematically. Schedule of maintenance to keep equipment in peak operating condition. Procedures specied by manufacturer to evaluate critical operating characteristics of test system, e. Must be within manufacturers established limits before patient testing is conducted. Documentation required.
Comparison of patient data with previous results. When limit is exceeded, must determine if due to medical change in patient or lab error. Test results that indicate a potentially life-threatening situation.
Patient care personnel must be notied immediately. The Joint Commission requires read-back policy. Testing of unknowns submitted by outside agency, e. Unknowns must not receive preferential treatment.
Results reported to agency, which compares them to results from other labs. Procedures for microscopic examinations, including detection of inadequately prepared slides 3. Reportable range for patient test results 7. Control procedures 8. Corrective action when calibration or control results fail to meet labs criteria for acceptability 9. Hussein Ali rated it it was amazing Dec 10, Carie Shied rated it it was amazing Nov 23, Julie Anne rated it liked it May 15, Seneca Suaybaguio rated it it was amazing Nov 23, Melanie rated it it was amazing Mar 03, Maria Fhelie rated it liked it Oct 09, Ahmed rated it it was amazing Jan 01, Anna rated it it was amazing Dec 18, Mark James rated it really liked it Jan 27, KC Harvey rated it liked it Nov 03, Emily C.
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